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What is Calima? Definition & Risks

Everything you need to know about the Saharan dust phenomenon: definition, health, and forecast

What is Calima exactly?

Calima is a meteorological phenomenon characterized by high concentrations of suspended dust and sand particles from the Sahara Desert. It is not just 'sand': it is a dry aerosol containing quartz, clay, and sometimes pollutants, which drastically reduces visibility and creates hazardous air quality in the Canary Islands.

Origin and Causes

It originates in the Sahara when strong winds lift sand into the atmosphere. Easterly winds (Sirocco) carry this massive dust cloud towards the Canaries. It is most intense in winter (especially January and February) when the trade winds weaken.

Difference from Fog and Smog

Unlike fog (water condensation) or smog (urban pollution), calima is dry desert dust. It is characterized by a reddish or orange sky and reduced visibility without high humidity.

Symptoms and Health Effects

Calima is not harmless. PM10 particles enter the lungs causing common symptoms: dry cough, red eyes, throat itching, and breathing difficulties. Vulnerable groups (asthma, COPD, allergies, children, and elderly) may suffer severe respiratory crises and must take extreme precautions.

Cleaning & Care Guide

Calima dust is abrasive and can damage surfaces if not cleaned properly. Special care is needed for vehicles and homes.

🚗 Car Care

  • Do not use windshield wipers without water (scratches glass).
  • Rinse with plenty of water first to remove bulk dust.
  • Avoid rubbing the paint while dry.
  • Check engine air filters after severe episodes.

🏠 Home Maintenance

  • Keep windows and doors closed to prevent dust entry.
  • Use damp cloths for cleaning surfaces (avoid dry sweeping).
  • Clean AC filters as they can get clogged quickly.
  • Cover outdoor pools or furniture if possible.

Alert Levels

Calima levels are classified according to PM10 particle concentration: Low (0-50 µg/m³), Moderate (51-100 µg/m³), High (101-200 µg/m³) and Very High (>200 µg/m³). During high levels, protection protocols are activated and warnings are issued to the population.

Calima Today in Canary Islands

Check the current Calima status today. Real-time Saharan dust map, hourly forecast for Tenerife, Gran Canaria, and all islands. Live updates.

Calima Today in Canary Islands

Historical Episodes

The Canary Islands have experienced memorable episodes that paralyzed the archipelago. Notable events:

February 2020

The 'Supercalima'. All 8 Canary Islands airports closed, 120,000 passengers affected. Carnival and schools suspended. Near-zero visibility.

January 2022

Second most intense in recent records. Flight cancellations and diversions. Red air quality alert activated.

March 2022

Storm Celia. Severe mud rain. Widespread respiratory issues and vehicle damage.

December 2022

'Christmas Calima'. Poor air quality during holidays. Official recommendation to avoid outdoor activities.

December 2023

Winter 2023-24: warmest on record. Calima present on 85% of days between December and February.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does a calima episode last?
Episodes typically last 2 to 5 days. After the peak, dust can remain suspended for several more days until the wind shifts. Official AEMET advisories indicate expected start and end times.
Is it dangerous to breathe during calima?
It depends on the level. Above 50 µg/m³ (PM10) risk increases, especially for sensitive people. Fine particles (PM2.5) can enter the bloodstream. During intense calima, health authorities advise reducing outdoor exposure.
Can I exercise outdoors?
Not recommended during episodes. Exercise increases deep inhalation of particles. Avoid if visibility is reduced or yellow/orange warning is active. Prioritize indoor activity.
How do I protect children and elderly people?
Keep them indoors with windows closed. Use air purifiers if possible. Hydration is key to protect mucous membranes. Clean dust with damp cloths. If respiratory symptoms appear, contact 112.
Should I wear a mask? What type?
Yes, outdoors during intense episodes. Surgical masks DO NOT filter fine particles. Use well-fitted FFP2 or FFP3. The best protection remains staying indoors.
Can calima affect my car or home?
Yes. Clogs air filters (engine and AC). Dust is abrasive to paint if wiped dry; always use pressurized water first. Keep windows closed and clean with damp cloths.
Are asthma or allergy sufferers at higher risk?
Yes, elevated risk. Dust carries pollen, fungi and pollutants that can trigger allergic crises and bronchospasms. Keep rescue medication available and minimize exposure.